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Comparing and Contrasting Alternative and Convential Medicine

The use of alternative medicine in health care should be taken seriously as they can improve a person’s health without the serious side effects of conventional medication; alternative medicine is becoming increasingly popular throughout the United States and it also focuses on prevention rather than intervention. Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. Usually alternative medicine is lumped together with complementary medicine which, instead of being used instead of conventional medicine, is used along with it, and abbreviated together as CAM. The controversy surrounding CAM practices is quite prevalent in the health care world. Many conventional practicing physicians believe that alternative methods of treatment†¦show more content†¦Chemotherapy used to treat leukemia can wreak havoc on a person’s health, they become weak, their immune system is weakened and they can lose their hair. However researchers found that the Madagascar’ s Periwinkle plant can be used along with chemotherapy to help in the treatment of many cancers, especially leukemia (Foster 347). By using a medicine derived from an organic source it lets the patient receive less conventional chemotherapy, sparing them from some of the harmful, debilitating effects of the conventional treatment. Many alternative medicines can be found in grocery stores or health food stores, unlike many prescription medicines because most of them have ingredients that can be dangerous. Most CAM products are natural substances that have been used for years, alternative medicine is claimed to be just as effective, yet less harmful than drugs (Goldrosen, Straus 912). CAM products are considered by the FDA to be dietary supplements, not drugs. They are not considered drugs because of their content, herbs and vitamins are organic matters, not artificial or harmful such as some content in conventional drugs. The fact that CAM medicine is allowed to be on the shelves for the general public to access easily rather than behind the pharmacy counter, only accessible by a doctor’s prescription, proves that CAM medications are safer than conventional drugs. In the last 25 or so years the population of the United States has started turning toward

Correlation Between Prosocial Behaviors And Prosocial...

Sample Article Review and Analysis Name University of North Texas Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I.K., Murphy, B.C., Shepard, S.A., Cumberland, A., Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70(6), 1360-1372. Purpose and Hypotheses of the Study The study by Eisenberg, Guthrie, Murphy, Shepard, Cumberland, and Carlo (1999) had two purposes. One was to examine the predictive relationship between prosocial behavior that is less likely to be motivated by other-oriented concern and general prosocial behavior and attitudes as well as empathy-related responding across a period of 19 years. A second purpose of this study was to examine whether sympathetic responding mediated the relationship between early prosocial behaviors and prosocial behaviors at a later age. Spontaneous sharing behaviors of young children were expected to be more predictive of prosocial behaviors and empathy-related responding at later ages than compliant sharing, helping, or spontaneous helping. Sample Participants included 16 males and 16 females (30 Caucasian, 2 of Hispanic origin) interviewed 11 times across the period from 4 to 24 years of age. Parents level of education averaged 16.0 years for the mother and 17.0 years for the father. By the time the participants had reached age 23-24, 2 had earned junior college degrees, 14 had earned a college degree, 4 were in graduate school, 1 had completed some college hours, 10 wereShow MoreRelatedAltruism And Prosocial Behavior Are Linked With Helping Others1334 Words   |  6 PagesAltruism and prosocial behavior are linked with helping others. This can be seen in all aspects of life. For instance, young children helping each other when they fall, adolescents helping each other with schoolwork, and adults helping one another at work. To develop further, prosocial behavior and altruism can first be highly illustrated in children. Children are taught to help one another and this behavior grows with the child to their adulthood; t herefore, people are taught to act in a caringRead MoreAn Article On Prosocial Behavior955 Words   |  4 PagesThis article defined prosocial behavior as â€Å"voluntary behavior intended to benefit another† (Hyson Taylor, 2011, p. 106). This type of behavior is commonly displayed in young children sharing their toys with another child because they want too, not because they were told they have too. Prosocial behavior is something most parents want their children to have, so many people have studied where it comes from and how to bring it out in your child. Hyson and Taylor (2011) focused on how early childhoodRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Human Behavior1602 Words   |  7 Pagesshort term effects. Many people see a correlation between aggressive behavior, violent moods, and bullying, when violent video games are in the equation. It seems as though it’s popular in today’s media to try and find a scapegoat or a specific target to point the finger and say, â€Å"it’s their fault!† video games have become that target. The following four literature reviews will explore research conducted on the effects of violent video games on human behavior, and try to reveal more light on the controversialRead MoreEssay on Comparing Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour1534 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour Aggression and prosocial behaviour appear to be subject to very similar conditions, and processes. These two are discussed and compared along with correlations investigated by temperament theorists. The relevance of the Sherif (1953) experiment is examined, and used to illustrate how those with prosocial qualities and personalities can act in an aggressive manner at the same time, thereby bringing the idea of a continuum into doubt. The issuesRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children And Youth990 Words   |  4 Pagesand children and youth are getting more attracted to violent media. Studies on violent media shows a clear evidence that violence on media rises the possibility of aggressive behaviors in both short-term and long-term situations (Rowell Huesmann, Moise, Podolski, Eron, 2003). Most researchers agree that aggressive behaviors are more disposed to the harmful impact of violence on media. The negative effect is much larger for younger children because they are n ot able to to differentiate the imaginaryRead MoreCooperation Is At The Heart Of Human Social Life Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesCooperation is at the heart of human social life. Correspondingly, the study of cooperation – or prosocial behavior, more generally – has gained broad attention across scientific disciplines. At large, it is agreed upon that prosocial behavior takes many forms in everyday encounters and involves several aspects (e.g., altruism, fairness, reciprocity, trust etc.; Kelley Thibaut, 1978). Complementing this view, recent research introduced social mindfulness as a concept capturing the idea that prosocialityRead MoreA Research Conducted On Hope And The Workplace1300 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasures between hope and work-related outcomes. A coding protocol was developed and the r statistic was chosen as the effect size on determining the correlation between hope and work outcomes. The results of the analysis indicated that hope had a positive moderate correlation with job satisfaction (mean Ï  = 0.37), organizational commitment (mean Ï  = 0.31), work performance (mean Ï  = 0.27) and health and well-being (mean Ï  = 0.44). There was also a negative moderate relationship between hope andRead MoreThe Development Of Empathy And How Children Show Their Feelings Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pageson the development of empathy in early childhood, and how children show their feelings in everyday activity. How do you measure empathy? Which methods do you use to observe and measure empathy? What is the best way to improve empathetic a nd prosocial behavior in young children? These are a few of the questions I had going into this review. We know that teaching empathy is important, because teaching children to care is something that impacts their actions towards others throughout the rest of theirRead MoreThe True Cause Of Violent Behaviors1613 Words   |  7 PagesTrue Cause of Violent Behaviors in Today s Society There are volumes of media that are starting to harm the world in which we live. They have been linked to fourteen mass murders (Fletcher). Nine out of the top ten selling games have been labeled as violent and 42% of adolescents play them (â€Å"Children and Video Games†). These violent video games are a major problem in the United States and across the globe. Violent video games have a direct correlation with negative behaviors because they increaseRead MoreGender Differences in Organized Settings: Prosocial and Antisocial 1063 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Settings: Prosocial or Antisocial The premise of our research centered around the differences in prosocial and antisocial behaviors depending on the gender. According to Afolabi in his â€Å"Roles of Personality Types, Emotional Intelligence and Gender Differences on Prosocial Behavior† article, he examines the five primary personality factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness coupled with specific gender differences on prosocial behavior. His cross-sectional

Assignment on Leadership and Organizations

Question: Many of the leadership styles you have come across in the module tend to be more successful in the short term but the emerging research and literature seems to demonstrate that a transformational style is much more effective for the longer term. By reference to leadership principles adopted by various business leaders, critically evaluate the evidence that transformational leadership impacts positively on employee motivation and organisational culture and thereby influences the success of the business. Answer: 1. Introduction Transformational leadership is an approach to management which has the motive of doing the best for the individuals working in an organization from the root level up to the top management. It focuses on an individual as well as on the entire group. It encompasses many aspects of human character like his work ethics and attitude which makes it possible for him to be an able and fair leader. This quality will enable him to lead from the bottom, middle as well as from the top of the organization. The transformational leaders are those who are the risk-takers, inspirational and provide constant motivation to all his subordinates. In this assignment one can understand what Transformational Leadership is all about and how does it differ from the other leadership styles. 2. Leadership styles Leadership can be in various forms. There is no single way of providing able leadership inside an organization. Various leaders follow different types of leadership (Keller et al. 2014). It depends on the personal thought process and belief of the individual. A few of the leadership types are enumerated as follows: Laissez-Faire This follows a style in which there is no direct supervision. Also it does not provide regular feedback to employees under his supervision. The highly experienced and skilled employees who do not require strict supervision, falls under this category. A good example of this type is that followed by Warren Buffet. He is a business tycoon from the US and one of the richest persons in the world. He is currently the Chairman, CEO and he holds the biggest share in Berkshire Hathaway. His company has employees around him who are efficient. He interferes only when they have done any wrong and deliberately allows mistakes to occur, so that the employees can take a lesson from them. He has tasted great success by following this leadership style. Autocratic This type of leadership involves making decisions without being open to the others view points. The managers retain the total authority and impose their orders on the subordinates. This style is applied to employees who require a close supervision. But generally the employees tend to dislike it (Hurt et al. 2015). We can consider the name of Idi Amin, the third President of Uganda. His rule was for 8 long years during the 1970. He was infamous for suppressive rule and total mismanagement. It is a shock to know that nearly 500000 were killed during his regime. He was later on sent on exile. Democratic It is also known as the democratic leadership style. It involves gathering inputs from the peers and subordinates, but the final decision will be taken by the leader himself. The employees like this style as they feel important in the decision making process. This style is suitable mainly in the short period. We can discuss about President John F. Kennedy here. He happened to be the 35th President of the country. He held his post for 2 years till 1963. He used to take the suggestions from his subordinates and peers to develop a more concrete plan although the final decision rested with him. This made him a very popular figure among his colleagues and a popular international figure. Transformational This style depends on communication and guidance from the higher management to the employees in order to reach the organizational goals. By this process, the leaders try to motivate the employees in order to increase their productivity by effective communication and strict supervision. Here the management takes an active part in meeting the organizational goals. The leader delegates the responsibility in small parts to the individual team members and he himself focuses on the larger goal of the organization. Thus it is nothing but to reach the organizational objective by motivating each team member and making all of them work towards reaching the objective (Hazy et al. 2013). We can talk about Walt Disney in this regard. He believed in the policy of changing the outlook of the subordinates by providing exemplary leadership. He believed in innovation and would do anything to reach to his objectives. In 1923, he founded the Disney Brothers Studio, along with his brother. He never shift ed his focus from his vision. That is why, he was loved by his subordinates and the whole world looks up to him as someone who provided inspirational motivation. 3. Comparison of Transformational and other leadership styles Here the Transformational Leadership is compared with the other styles of leadership. The respective advantages and disadvantages can be seen. 3.1 Transformational vs Laissez-Faire Leadership The Laissez-Faire style does not include strict supervision. It does not even provide regular feedbacks to the employees. It is mainly for the senior and experienced employees who are well- accustomed to their job roles and are carrying out their duties properly. Transformational Leadership is on the other hand dependent on providing leadership from the top down to bottom. Here, the leader interacts with each member of his team and tries to solve their individual problems and guide them towards their own and organizational goals. 3.2 Transformational vs Autocratic Leadership Autocratic leadership is the one in which the leader has his own control on every decision. What he says, the subordinates will have to follow. They cannot come up with their own ideas. This is just the opposite of the Transformational. In Transformational style, the leader considers the subordinates view points and tries to consider some of their ideas. But he is more focused to lead by example and take his team along with him by providing able guidance to them. This is why transformational style is more popular than autocratic. 3.3 Transformational vs Democratic Leadership Democratic leadership involves the involvement of the fellow members in providing valuable ideas to the leader for consideration. If the leader feels that they are worth consideration, he will implement them in his strategy. But, Transformational leadership involves not only gathering valuable points from the subordinates, but primarily to guide them to reach the goals by able leadership. Here, the leader tries to understand each and every employees requirements and then mentor them in his own way to match their ideas with him. 4. History of Transformational Leadership in organizational success The origin of Transformational Leadership can be attributed to the renowned leadership expert and the biographer, Mr. James MacGregor Burns. There are four basic components of this type of leadership. These are as follows: The ideal role model The leader is seen as the role model by the followers. The leader leads by examples and the subordinates try to emulate him (Singh et al. 2014). Motivating the followers The leader possesses the capacity to motivate the subordinates by encouraging words and increase their efficiency in the work. Individual approach to team members The transformational leader is concerned genuinely about the various needs of each employee. In order to achieve organizational success, it is very important to take care of every team members problems and try to solve them and guide them individually (Guerrero et al. 2014). Providing intellectual stimulation to the subordinates The leader provides continuous challenges to each employee to bring out their creativity and innovation. This continuous stimulation keeps the employees involved in their own works and they try to perform all the more to an even better level of efficiency and output (Grille et al. 2015). 5. Organization which has tasted success in Transformational Leadership approach In order to demonstrate how an organization succeeds in achieving its goals, we may cite the example of Apple Inc. Apple Inc, the renowned hardware and software manufacturer happens to be an American organization which is headquartered at Cupertino in California. It was founded on 1st April, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne (Lopes et al. 2015). Among them, Steve Jobs who was the co-founder, CEO and chairman of Apple deserves special mention. Steve Jobs was instrumental in making Apple one of the leading hardware and software manufacturers of the era. This report attempts to reflect his qualities as a transformational leader and how it helped Apple to reach the ultimate level of success. It might be said that the return to Apple in 1997 by Jobs was the golden period for Apple. He not only changed the fortune of the company but also the entire computer industry (Buch et al. 2014). In order to understand what Jobs has done for Apple, it is important to look back 15 years. During the period 1995-96, Apple was in a mess. The products were not performing as expected and that caused a decrease in the revenues. A Web Campaign was conducted in order to attract some of the fans to buy a certain number of shares of the company to prove a point to Wall Street that Apple was still far from over. In order to improve the situation, Apple purchased NeXT, the computer company founded by Jobs, when he was fired from Apple in 1986. After this, Jobs convinced Apples board of directors to request for Mr. Gil Amelios resignation as the CEO of the company (Crooke et al. 2015). It was then Jobss period of service as the interim CEO. Later on he became the permanent CEO. His impressive leadership, involving all the employees of the company, guiding each one of them along the organizational objectives, began to prove instrumental in the turnaround of Apple. By that time, Apple became the most valued corporation in the U.S. It exceeded Microsoft and Intel combined, in terms of market share and revenues. He changed the fortune of the company totally by making things simple. This was the essence of his leadership style. He and Jonathan Ives designed new strategies for the company which proved to be a revelation for Apple. Apple lacked focus and there were managers who were unethically competing with each other. Jobs was the person who put an end to all these unhealthy situations by paying individual attention to each of them and trying to find out the necessary course of action (Baron et al. 2014). This upper management intervention and supervision still exists in Apple, which is the reason for its success till today. Apple was slowly emerging as the most technologically developed company, its market share was increasing and was the golden period for the company. Today Apple boasts of 437 retail stores across 15 countries. It manufactures brands like Mac, iPod, iPad, iPhone, iPad Mini, Apple TV, Apple Watch, OSX, iOS, iWork and iLife. This shows how transformational form of leadership can change the fortunes of a company which was on the verge of downsizing. It also shows how an able leader like Steve Jobs can positively impact the way of working and thinking of a company which lost all hopes of sustaining at a point of time. These are the positive impacts of Transformational Leadership. Nowadays, other leaders are also trying to emulate this style of leadership to gain success in the market (Amundsen et al. 2015). 6. Conclusion In the end it might be said that various organizational leaders believe in different leadership styles. It depends on their mentality and approach. Any organization, whether big or small, from any sector of the industry, needs able leaders at the top of management, to give direction to the employees and make them work in unison to achieve the goals of the company in short run as well as in the long run. We come across several leaders in history who have given motivational leadership to their followers and which resulted in something meaningful and successful. 7. Recommendations This article reflects the various leadership styles with the primary focus on Transformational Leadership. This form of leadership is time tasted and many organizations like, Apple, Microsoft, Samsung, etc have benefited from it. Hence, any corporate and the leaders should emulate this form of leadership to bring a total sense of responsibility and oneness in the organization. This will efficiently increase the output of the company in the long run. For all the organizations, it is extremely important to identify the persons who have the potential to become the Transformational leaders. They are dynamic and they change the way the organization thinks and modify them to take the company to new height of success. 8. Reference list References Amundsen, S. and Martinsen, O. (2015). Linking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity: The Role of Self-Leadership and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies. Baron, L. and Parent, E. (2014). Developing Authentic Leadership Within a Training Context: Three Phenomena Supporting the Individual Development Process. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 22(1), pp.37-53. Buch, R., Martinsen, O. and Kuvaas, B. (2014). The Destructiveness of Laissez-Faire Leadership Behavior: The Mediating Role of Economic Leader-Member Exchange Relationships. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 22(1), pp.115-124. Crooke, M., Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Bikel, R. (2015). Leadership in a Complex World. Organizational Dynamics. de Arajo, M. and Lopes, P. (2015). Virtuous leadership, organizational commitment and individual performance. Tkhne. Grille, A., Schulte, E. and Kauffeld, S. (2015). Promoting Shared Leadership: A Multilevel Analysis Investigating the Role of Prototypical Team Leader Behavior, Psychological Empowerment, and Fair Rewards. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies. Guerrero, S., Lapalme, M. and Seguin, M. (2014). Board Chair Authentic Leadership and Nonexecutives' Motivation and Commitment. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 22(1), pp.88-101. Gupta, V. and Singh, S. (2014). Leadership and Creative Performance Behaviors in RD Laboratories: Examining the Mediating Role of Justice Perceptions. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 22(1), pp.21-36. Hazy, J. and Uhl-Bien, M. (2013). Towards operationalizing complexity leadership: How generative, administrative and community-building leadership practices enact organizational outcomes. Leadership, 11(1), pp.79-104. Hurt, K. and Abebe, M. (2015). The Effect of Conflict Type and Organizational Crisis on Perceived Strategic Decision Effectiveness: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies. Keller, T. and Weibler, J. (2014). What It Takes and Costs To Be an Ambidextrous Manager: Linking Leadership and Cognitive Strain to Balancing Exploration and Exploitation. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 22(1), pp.54-71. Kiersch, C. and Byrne, Z. (2015). Is Being Authentic Being Fair? Multilevel Examination of Authentic Leadership, Justice, and Employee Outcomes. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies.